Psychiatr. praxi. 2011;12(2):74-79

Cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia

PhDr.Radko Obereignerů, Ph.D.1,2, MUDr.Katarína Obereignerů3, Mgr.Tomáš Divéky4, prof.MUDr.Ján Praško, CSc.4,5,6
1 Katedra psychologie, FF UP Olomouc
2 Oddělení klinické psychologie, FN Olomouc
3 Neurologická klinika, LF UP a FN Olomouc
4 Psychiatrická klinika, LF UP a FN Olomouc
5 Psychiatrické centrum Praha
6 Centrum neuropsychiatrických studií, Praha

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness, that can influence patients cognitive functions, in sense of cognitive deficits. Particularly attention,

memory, executive functions, intelligence and speech are negatively influenced. Most common patients in danger are they with long

lasting negative effect on treatment or those who suffering chronically. We use a number of neuropsychological tests as a possibility to

observe the cognitive deficits. In this article we describe basic characteristics of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and the meaning of

neuropsychological methods in observing particular cognitive deficits.

Keywords: schizophrenia, cognitive functions, negative symptoms

Published: May 1, 2011  Show citation

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Obereignerů R, Obereignerů K, Divéky T, Praško J. Cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. praxi. 2011;12(2):74-79.
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    References

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    7. Hyman SE, Fenton WS. Medicine. What are the right targets for psychopharmacology? Science 2003; 299: 350-351. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Gold JM. Cognitive deficits as treatment targets in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004; 72: 21-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
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    12. Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, et al. Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1328-1335. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Keefe RSE¸ Goldberg TE, Harvey PD, et al. The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr Res 2004; 68: 283-297. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Keefe RSE, Bilder RM, Harvey PD, et al. Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 2033-2046. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Keefe RSE, Sweeney JA, Gu H, et al. Effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on neurocognitive function in early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52 week comparison. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1061-1071. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Brewer WJ, Francey SM, Wood SJ, et al. Memory impairments identified in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 71-78. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Rosso IM, et al. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 35-41. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Bilder RM., Goldman RS, Robinson D, et al. Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: Initial characterization and clinical correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000; 157: 549-559. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
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    21. Harvey PD, Keefe RSE. Clinical neuropsychology of schizophrenia. In Grant I, Adams KM. Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders. Oxford: Oxford university press, 2009: 507-522.
    22. Keefe RSE. Should cognitive impairment be included in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia? World Psychiatry 2008; 7: 22-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Nuechterlein KH, Barch DM, Gold JM, et al. Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004; 72: 29-39. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Davidson M, Harvey PD, Welsh K, et al. Cognitive impairment in old-age schizophrenia: A comparative study of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1274-1279. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 4-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Roder V, Muelle DR, Mueser KT, Brenner HD. Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) for Schizophrenia: Is It Effective? Schizophrenia bulletin 2006; 32(S1): 81-93. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Andreasen NC. Thought, language and communication disorders: 2 Diagnostic significance. Archives of General Psychiatry 1979; 36: 1325-1330. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Smolík P. Duševní a behaviorální poruchy. Praha: Maxdorf, 1996: 152.
    29. Höschl C, Libiger J, Švestka J. Psychiatrie. Praha: Tigis, 2002: 160.
    30. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports 1962; 10: 799-812. Go to original source...
    31. Hort J, Rusina R, et al. Paměť a její poruchy. Praha: Maxdorf, 2007.
    32. Kučerová H, Říhová Z. Kognitivní deficit u schizofrenie. In Preiss M, et al. Neuropsychologie v psychiatrii. Praha: Grada, 2006: 189-233.
    33. Přikryl R. Narušená epizodická paměť u schizofrenie z pohledu funkčních zobrazovacích metod mozku. Čes a slov Psychiat, 2010; 106(5): 296-299.
    34. Tůma I. Kognitivní deficit a psychopatologie schizofrenie. Psychiatrie 2008; 12(2): 101-106.
    35. Cirillo MA, Seidman LJ. Verbal Declarative Memory Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: From Clinical Assessment to Genetics and Brain Mechanisms: Neuropsychology Review. 2003; 13(2): 43-77.
    36. Preiss M. Bentonův vizuální retenční test. Praha: Testcentrum, 2000.
    37. Ambler Z, Bednařík J, Růžička E. Klinická neurologie. Praha: Triton, 2004: 450.
    38. Andreasen NC. Thought, language and communication disorders: 2 Diagnostic significance. Archives of General Psychiatry 1979; 36: 1325-1330. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N. Description and classification of psychiatric symptoms. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
    40. McGhie A, Chapman J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1961; 34: 103-116. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Miller BL, Cummings JL. The human frontal lobes. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2007.
    42. Cummings JL, Benson FD. Dementia: A clinical approach (2nd ed.). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
    43. Mahurin RK, Velligan DI, Miller AL. Executive-frontal lobe cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: A symptom subtype analysis. Psychiatry Research, 1998; 79: 139-149. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Palmer BW, Heaton, RK. Execituve dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Grant I, Adams KM Neuropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric and Neuromedical Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009: 511.
    45. Bubeníková V, Horáček J, Šťastný F. Prepulzní inhibice úlekové reakce jako ukazatel deficitu zpracování informací. Psychiatrie 2002; 6(1): 31-34.
    46. Kumari V, Soni W, Mathew VM, et al. Prepulse inhibition of the startle responce in men with schizophrenia: effects of age of onset of illness, symptoms, and medication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 609-614. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, et al. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994; 344: 1398-1402. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Andreasen NC, Olsen SA. Negative vs. positive schizophrenia: Definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatr, 1982; 39: 789-794. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa, 1981.
    50. Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindemayer JP. Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatr Res, 1988; 23: 99-110. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Beck AT, Baruch E, Balter JM, et al. A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophr Res, 2004; 68: 319-329. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Gold JM, et al. Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria. Biol. Psychiatry 2004; 56: 301-307. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Pietrzak RH, Olver J, Norman T, et al. A comparison of the CogState Schizophrenia Battery and the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Battery in assessing cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2009; 31(7): 848-859. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Moritz S, Vitzthum F, Randjbar S, et al. Detecting and defusing cognitive traps: metacognitive intervention in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23(6): 561-569. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Moritz S, Woodward TS. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20(6): 619-625. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Liddle PF. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A reexamination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 151: 145-151. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Frith CD. Cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992.
    58. Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS. Schizophrenia as a cognitive disorder: Recent approaches to identifying its core cognitive components to aid treatment development. In: Advances in schizophrenia research 2009. Gattaz WF. (Ed.); Busatto G (Ed.); New York, NY, US: Springer Science and Business Media, 2010: 267-282. Go to original source...
    59. Crow TJ. The nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia reveal the four quadrant structure of language and its deictic frame. Journal of Neurolinguistics 2010; 23: 1-9. Go to original source...
    60. Keefe RSE, Perkins DO, Gu H, et al. A longitudinal study of neurocognitive function in individuals at-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2006; 88: 26-35. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Fuller R, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, et al. Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1183-1189. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Saykin AJ, Shtasel DL, Gur RE, et al. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 5: 124-131. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    63. Brewer WJ, Wood SJ, McGorry PD, et al. Impairment of olfactory identification ability in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1790-1794. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Hyman SE, Fenton WS. Medicine. What are the right targets for psychopharmacology? Science 2003; 299: 350-351. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Gold JM. Cognitive deficits as treatment targets in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004; 72: 21-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Davidson M, Keefe RSE. Cognitive impairment as a target for pharmacological treatment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1995; 17: 123-129. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Buchanan RW, Davis M, Goff D, et al. A Summary of the FDA-NIMH-MATRICS workshop on clinical trial designs for neurocognitive drugs for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31: 5-21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rapp MA, et al. Elaboration on premorbid intellectual performance in schizophrenia: premorbid intellectual decline and risk for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1297-1304. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, et al. Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1328-1335. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Keefe RSE¸ Goldberg TE, Harvey PD, et al. The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr Res 2004; 68: 283-297. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Keefe RSE, Bilder RM, Harvey PD, et al. Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 2033-2046. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Keefe RSE, Sweeney JA, Gu H, et al. Effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on neurocognitive function in early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52 week comparison. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1061-1071. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    73. Brewer WJ, Francey SM, Wood SJ, et al. Memory impairments identified in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 71-78. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Rosso IM, et al. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 35-41. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Bilder RM., Goldman RS, Robinson D, et al. Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: Initial characterization and clinical correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000; 157: 549-559. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Ciompi L. Catamnestic long-term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics. Schizophr Bull 1980; 6: 606-618. In Höschl C, Libiger J, Švestka J. Psychiatrie. Praha: Tigis, 2002: 354. Go to original source...
    77. Shepherd M, Watt D, Falloon I, et al. The natural history of schizophrenia: a five-year follow-up study of outcome prediction in a representative sample of schizophrenics. Psychol Med Monogr, 1989; 15(suppl.): 1-46. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    78. Harvey PD, Keefe RSE. Clinical neuropsychology of schizophrenia. In Grant I, Adams KM. Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders. Oxford: Oxford university press, 2009: 507-522.
    79. Keefe RSE. Should cognitive impairment be included in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia? World Psychiatry 2008; 7: 22-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    80. Nuechterlein KH, Barch DM, Gold JM, et al. Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004; 72: 29-39. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Davidson M, Harvey PD, Welsh K, et al. Cognitive impairment in old-age schizophrenia: A comparative study of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1274-1279. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 4-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. Roder V, Muelle DR, Mueser KT, Brenner HD. Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) for Schizophrenia: Is It Effective? Schizophrenia bulletin 2006; 32(S1): 81-93. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Andreasen NC. Thought, language and communication disorders: 2 Diagnostic significance. Archives of General Psychiatry 1979; 36: 1325-1330. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Smolík P. Duševní a behaviorální poruchy. Praha: Maxdorf, 1996: 152.
    86. Höschl C, Libiger J, Švestka J. Psychiatrie. Praha: Tigis, 2002: 160.
    87. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports 1962; 10: 799-812. Go to original source...
    88. Hort J, Rusina R, et al. Paměť a její poruchy. Praha: Maxdorf, 2007.
    89. Kučerová H, Říhová Z. Kognitivní deficit u schizofrenie. In Preiss M, et al. Neuropsychologie v psychiatrii. Praha: Grada, 2006: 189-233.
    90. Přikryl R. Narušená epizodická paměť u schizofrenie z pohledu funkčních zobrazovacích metod mozku. Čes a slov Psychiat, 2010; 106(5): 296-299.
    91. Tůma I. Kognitivní deficit a psychopatologie schizofrenie. Psychiatrie 2008; 12(2): 101-106.
    92. Cirillo MA, Seidman LJ. Verbal Declarative Memory Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: From Clinical Assessment to Genetics and Brain Mechanisms: Neuropsychology Review. 2003; 13(2): 43-77.
    93. Preiss M. Bentonův vizuální retenční test. Praha: Testcentrum, 2000.
    94. Ambler Z, Bednařík J, Růžička E. Klinická neurologie. Praha: Triton, 2004: 450.
    95. Andreasen NC. Thought, language and communication disorders: 2 Diagnostic significance. Archives of General Psychiatry 1979; 36: 1325-1330. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    96. Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N. Description and classification of psychiatric symptoms. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
    97. McGhie A, Chapman J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1961; 34: 103-116. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    98. Miller BL, Cummings JL. The human frontal lobes. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2007.
    99. Cummings JL, Benson FD. Dementia: A clinical approach (2nd ed.). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
    100. Mahurin RK, Velligan DI, Miller AL. Executive-frontal lobe cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: A symptom subtype analysis. Psychiatry Research, 1998; 79: 139-149. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    101. Palmer BW, Heaton, RK. Execituve dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Grant I, Adams KM Neuropsychological Assessment of Neuropsychiatric and Neuromedical Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009: 511.
    102. Bubeníková V, Horáček J, Šťastný F. Prepulzní inhibice úlekové reakce jako ukazatel deficitu zpracování informací. Psychiatrie 2002; 6(1): 31-34.
    103. Kumari V, Soni W, Mathew VM, et al. Prepulse inhibition of the startle responce in men with schizophrenia: effects of age of onset of illness, symptoms, and medication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 609-614. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    104. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, et al. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994; 344: 1398-1402. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    105. Andreasen NC, Olsen SA. Negative vs. positive schizophrenia: Definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatr, 1982; 39: 789-794. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    106. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa, 1981.
    107. Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindemayer JP. Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics. Psychiatr Res, 1988; 23: 99-110. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    108. Beck AT, Baruch E, Balter JM, et al. A new instrument for measuring insight: the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophr Res, 2004; 68: 319-329. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    109. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Gold JM, et al. Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria. Biol. Psychiatry 2004; 56: 301-307. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    110. Pietrzak RH, Olver J, Norman T, et al. A comparison of the CogState Schizophrenia Battery and the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Battery in assessing cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2009; 31(7): 848-859. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    111. Moritz S, Vitzthum F, Randjbar S, et al. Detecting and defusing cognitive traps: metacognitive intervention in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23(6): 561-569. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    112. Moritz S, Woodward TS. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20(6): 619-625. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    113. Liddle PF. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A reexamination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 151: 145-151. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    114. Frith CD. Cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992.

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